「#高檔的」#法文
motif 一字,讀 mo-teef ,跟 motive 動機的意思不完全一樣,多指衣服飾物設計中重複出現的圖案、標誌。市面上常常見到國際時裝品牌不就把自己的註冊 logo,用於產品之上,之謂 iconic motif 。
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兩套語文之間,常常會互相借用詞彙,香港人喜中英夾雜,會隨口說:這個 catalogue(目錄)要 update 一下。不說目錄而講 catalogue,確實也因為大多數人會選擇日常用這個英文字。而 update,要用中文道來就更麻煩了,有說可講「更新」,但又不完全等於 renew 呀。
Update 主要是指時間上的更新,一個情況是:新的與舊的一套完全一樣,純粹 update 一下。
或說,有人覺得講中文之際加插英文,代表展露一點知識層面的優越感?這是個很大的文化議題,不在此篇的討論範圍了。
事實是,用法文表達英文,情況彷彿也差不多。語文貴乎溝通,起初出於需要,後來成了炫耀,再後來成了習慣;確真有英文人覺得開口加插法文,等同上流的身份象徵。
也許亦解釋了為什麼有些法文用語,在英語的藝術文化詞𢑥中扎根深厚,屹立不倒。以下是一些例子:
Haute couture 讀 oh’t ku’tur ,解 high fashion,高級時裝。
- He is a master designer of haute couture. 他是高檔時裝的一個大師級設計師。
當今潮流時興回到自然,衣着追求簡便舒適,貴價衣服開始沒有市場了。看下面這句:
- Wine is in danger of suffering the same fate as haute couture : facing a fast-shrinking number of consumers. 酒業的前景,恐怕跟高檔時裝一樣:面對急速縮小的顧客人數。
Couture 本身指 sewing 縫紉、dressmaking 做衣服。常常有人誤會 couture 即是英文的 culture 文化;也有人淨係把 couture 套用去其他貴價奢華物事,其實都是錯的。
網上有這麼一句批評:Ignorant Americans mixed this up and now they use "couture" to refer to high end or luxury things. So next time you walk past a bakery offering "bagel couture", feel free to call them idiots, unless they actually sew their bagels. 有無知的美國人搞亂了意思。他們現在把 couture 用於代表高檔奢侈的產品。於是下一次你行經一間自稱賣「高級麵包圈」的餅店,你絕對可以叫他們做傻瓜 — 除非他們真的是用針線縫紉他們的麵包圈。
往往跟時裝設計聯繫起來的另一個法文詞語,是avant-garde 前衞,讀 ah-von-guard。有說,avant-garde 源自本身也是法文的 vanguard,指在最前線的戰士。
Avant-garde 指藝術音樂以及文學中的原創而帶實驗性質的意念。同義詞有 trendy 潮流的、innovative 創新的、pioneering 開荒的、revolutionary 革命性的、futuristic 未來的、ahead of the times 走在時代前頭。
看到這許多同義詞,對 avant-garde 都有個大概的念頭了吧。用做形容詞:
- When the designer introduced his avant-garde fashion line, he shocked quite a few old-school critics. 當設計師推出他的前衞時裝系列之際,令一些傳統的評論人老大嚇了一跳。
用做名詞:
- He was an enthusiast for the avant-garde. 他是前衛藝術的擁護者。
也有 motif 一字,讀 mo-teef ,跟 motive 動機的意思不完全一樣,多指衣服飾物設計中重複出現的圖案、標誌。市面上常常見到國際時裝品牌不就把自己的註冊 logo,用於產品之上,之謂 iconic motif 。
- She was wearing a black shirt with a colourful tulip motif. 她穿着一件黑色、有許多彩色鬱金香圖案的襯衫。
Motif 自然也可以用於其他創作,包括文學:
- The room is one of the recurring motifs in the playwright’s work. 房間是這個劇作家作品中的一個主題意境。
mixed up用法 在 Eric's English Lounge Facebook 的精選貼文
[詞彙區別] constitute, compose, consist of, comprise, account for, make up 的區別
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詞彙區別: http://wp.me/p44l9b-16B
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在寫作的時候,有些同學為了避免重複使用相同的詞彙,卻選用了意義上不盡相同的詞,而無法精確地表達出自己所想傳達的想法。這問題很可能來自於考生平時在語言學習上過於依賴中英翻譯,因此在不夠了解某些詞彙精準的用法的情況下,很容易造成讀者的誤解。
為了幫助同學增加詞彙量並且精確地在口說和寫作上使用這些字,我建議同學們不要一開始的時候就死記硬背一群同義詞彙 (e.g. decline, decrease, diminish, dwindle, reduce, alleviate) 。雖然如此做會快速幫同學累積對這些詞的認知,可是認知都會停留在模糊階段。建議同學先熟悉其中一兩個單詞以後在開始累積相關的同義詞彙,也應該用搭配詞跟片語加上完整的例句和短文來輔助自己對單詞的理解。同時同學們也應該在使用這些單詞之前先查查字典,更進一步了解這些詞彙的使用方式。
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1. constitute: to constitute something is to form a whole, especially of dissimilar components: Love and hate can constitute a balanced relationship.
constitute 所“構成”的事物在屬性和特徵上,亦或在組織上,與組成成分是一致的。
-Seven days constitutes a week (七天構成一個星期。).
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2. Compose: to compose means the same as to constitute, but implies that the components have something in common: Water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen.
在表示“由……材料構成”時,見於被動語態;在用於主動語態時,一般它所表示的“構成”或“組成”總包含著融合為一,而且主語或者是複數名詞或者是集體名詞。
-Concrete is composed of cement, sand and gravel mixed with water. (混凝土由水泥、砂、石子與水摻和而構成。 )
-Mere facts, when badly stated, do not compose a good book. (僅僅有資料,如果陳述得很糟糕,並不能組成一本好書)
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3. account for: 說明(原因、理由等); 導致,引起; (在數量、比例上); 占 (e.g. This group accounted for 60% of the population.)
(在數量、比例上)占
These products, in total, account for about 80% of all our sales (這些產品總共約占我們全部銷售額的80%。).
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4. make up: 組成 to combine together to form something [= constitute]:
-Women make up only a small proportion of the prison population. 女人只佔監獄人口的一小部分。
-The committee is made up of representatives from every state (委員會由每個州的代表組成的。).
-Children makes up only 10% of the population (兒童只佔人口的10%。).
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5. consist of: to consist of something is to be made up of it: A lethal dose of nerve agent VX consists of only 10 milligrams.
consist of 的含義與被動語態的 compose 相同
-Though the costume consists only of a sheet, it was very effective. (雖然那件化裝服裝僅由一條床單組成,但效果很好。)
-This group consists of men, women, and children.
(這個小組由男人,女人和孩子們組成的。).
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6. comprise: to comprise something has the same meaning as to consist, often implying that the whole is regarded from the point of view of its individual parts: The chain is comprised of many links, and is only as strong as its weakest.
comprise 在表示“構成”時,其內涵是“包括”或“覆蓋”*
-The committee comprises men of widely different views (這個委員會由見解甚為懸殊的人組成。).
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從這些動詞的意思來看,若要表示數個個體或項目組成一個整體時,我們可用 compose 或 constitute。
England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland compose/constitute the United Kingdom.
(英格蘭、威爾斯、蘇格蘭和北愛爾蘭組成了聯合王國。)
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若要表示一個整體是由個數個體或項目所組成時,我們可用 comprise* 或 consist of / be composed of 。
(compose 經常用於被動態,而以 be composed of 的型式出現,意思和用法跟 consist of 完全一樣。)
-The United Kingdom comprises*/consists of/is composed of England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland.
(聯合王國是由英格蘭、威爾斯、蘇格蘭和北愛爾蘭所構成)
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詳細的說明: http://www.learnerhall.org/2012/12/consist-of-compose-contain-comprise.html
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*在這幾個字當中,僅 comprise 兼具其他字的意思,但它也是最麻煩、最讓人困擾的字。英語 評論人士強烈反對 comprise 被用作 constitute 的意思以及 comprise 以被動態形式 be comprised of 來表示 consist of 的意思,所以對於 Fifty states comprise the United States. (五十個州組成了美國) 和 The United States is comprised of fifty states. (美國是由五十個州所組成) 這樣的句子結構,他們期期以為不可,而堅持只有 The United States comprises fifty states. 才是唯一正確的用法。但他們反對的這兩種用法其實早已是不 折不扣的標準英語,一些新版的字典甚至將 be comprised of 堂而皇之地列為片語,如 The course is comprised of ten core modules. (這門課是由 10 個核心單元組成)。然而,在公說公有理,婆說婆有理,各有堅持的情況下,在此建議:若使用 comprise 會讓你覺得心虛或沒把握,那麼不妨使用它的同義詞,也就是沒有爭議的 constitute, consist of 或 be composed of 來代替之。
*An interesting history of sense development concerning the word comprise has caused confusion, if not hate for the word itself. The most common mistake is confusing consist and comprise with each other. To say A lethal dose of nerve agent VX comprises of only 10 milligrams, is wrong because it is not analyzed from each separate component or milligram, but rather as a whole dose. In fact, there is a lot of skepticism and criticism of the word “comprise” all together. “None of the many neat schemes purporting to describe its correct use seems accurately to describe the way Standard English users actually employ comprise.” (Bartleby) Thus it is suggested to use constitute and/or compose as active verbs, while consists and/or includes as passive. However, if your use of the word can clearly indicate its context, separate from the its other accepted use, choosing a substitute is not necessary.
Also, ”Comprises” is "better" grammar than ”is comprised of.” “The whole comprises multiple parts” is better than, “The whole is comprised of multiple parts.” Even better though is, “Multiple parts comprise the whole."
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Sources:
http://www.bartleby.com/68/3/1403.html
http://bulo.hjenglish.com/question/33021/
http://blog.cybertranslator.idv.tw/archives/2590
http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/dictionaries/english/data/d0081813.html
http://www.learnerhall.org/2012/12/consist-of-compose-contain-comprise.html
http://everything2.com/title/consist%252C+comprise%252C+constitute%252C+or+compose
More sentences:
-The pie chart consists of/comprises of the percentages of four different fuel sources used in electricity production.
-Electricity (that is) produced with coal composed/constituted/accounted for 50% of the total electricity (that is)produced.
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contain vs. include:
Contain: Something is considered to be within something else.
The toy contains many small moving parts. ->The small moving parts are a part of the toy.
Include: Something is added to something else, possibly containing it, possibly not.
-This toy includes batteries. -> The batteries are not a part of the toy. They just come with the toy.
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